AQA A-Level Biology 2025/6

Biology • A-Level

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Question 1 of 41

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Describe how the structural features of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids determine their main biological roles in living organisms.

Hint: Link each macromolecule’s monomer composition and polarity to its typical cellular function.

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Correct answer: Carbohydrates have multiple hydroxyl groups and often form ring structures, making them soluble and ideal for short‑term energy storage and cell‑surface recognition. Lipids consist of long, non‑polar hydrocarbon chains, allowing them to form impermeable membranes and store large amounts of energy. Proteins are polymers of amino acids that fold into specific three‑dimensional shapes, providing catalytic activity, structural support and signalling functions. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides with a sugar‑phosphate backbone and complementary bases, enabling them to store and transmit genetic information.

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Carbohydrates have multiple hydroxyl groups and often form ring structures, making them soluble and ideal for short‑term energy storage and cell‑surface recognition. Lipids consist of long, non‑polar hydrocarbon chains, allowing them to form impermeable membranes and store large amounts of energy. Proteins are polymers of amino acids that fold into specific three‑dimensional shapes, providing catalytic activity, structural support and signalling functions. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides with a sugar‑phosphate backbone and complementary bases, enabling them to store and transmit genetic information.

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